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they are devoted to each other

  • 1 they are devoted to each other

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > they are devoted to each other

  • 2 devoted

    devoted [dɪ'vəʊtɪd]
    (a) (friend, servant, service) dévoué, fidèle; (husband, wife, mother, father) dévoué; (admirer) fervent;
    ∎ they are devoted to each other ils sont dévoués l'un à l'autre;
    ∎ I'm devoted to my children je ferais tout pour mes enfants
    (b) archaic or literary (doomed) voué au malheur;
    ∎ blows fell thick and fast upon his devoted head il courbait la tête sous les coups du malheur

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > devoted

  • 3 devoted

    [dıʹvəʋtıd] a
    1. преданный, нежный; любящий

    a few devoted friends [admirers] - несколько преданных друзей [поклонников]

    2. посвящённый
    3. увлекающийся, целиком отдающийся (чему-л.)

    devoted to sports [work] - увлекающийся спортом [работой]

    4. редк. обречённый

    НБАРС > devoted

  • 4 devoted

    devoted [dɪˈvəʊtɪd]
       a. [husband, mother, friend] dévoué ; [friendship] profond ; [follower] fidèle
       b. devoted to ( = concerned with) consacré à
    * * *
    [dɪ'vəʊtɪd]
    adjective dévoué (to à); [friendship, service] loyal; [fan] fervent

    English-French dictionary > devoted

  • 5 devoted

    [dɪ'vəʊtɪd] 1. 2.
    aggettivo [person, animal] devoto; [friendship, service] fedele; [ fan] affezionato; [ couple] affiatato; [ chapter] dedicato (to a)
    * * *
    1) ((sometimes with to) loving and loyal: a devoted friend; I am devoted to him.) devoto, affezionato
    2) ((with to) given up (to): He is devoted to his work.) dedicato, consacrato
    * * *
    devoted /dɪˈvəʊtɪd/
    a.
    1 devoto, affezionato: a devoted friend [husband, father], un amico [un marito, un padre] devoto; They are devoted to their children, sono molto attaccati ai loro figli
    2 – devoted to, dedicato (o consacrato) a: a website entirely devoted to fashion, un sito web interamente dedicato alla moda; an exhibition devoted to Matisse, una mostra dedicata a Matisse
    3 appassionato: She has millions of devoted readers around the globe, ha milioni di lettori appassionati in tutto il mondo; devoted football fans, tifosi fedeli; The band has a devoted following, il gruppo ha un seguito di fan incondizionati
    devotedly avv.
    * * *
    [dɪ'vəʊtɪd] 1. 2.
    aggettivo [person, animal] devoto; [friendship, service] fedele; [ fan] affezionato; [ couple] affiatato; [ chapter] dedicato (to a)

    English-Italian dictionary > devoted

  • 6 devoted

    dɪˈvəutɪd прил.
    1) преданный;
    верный, нежный, любящий blindly, completely, entirely devoted ≈ верно/слепо преданный Syn: loving, faithful, true
    2) посвященный
    3) увлекающийся чем-л. devoted to one's family ≈ он целиком и полностью предан своей семье he is devoted to sports ≈ он увлекается спортом преданный, нежный;
    любящий - * mother любящая мать - * father and husband преданный отец и муж - a few friends несколько преданных друзей - they are * to each other они (очень) преданы друг другу посвященный увлекающийся, целиком отдающийся (чему-л.) - * to sports увлекающийся спортом (редкое) обреченный devoted p. p. от devote ~ посвященный ~ преданный;
    нежный ~ увлекающийся (чем-л.) ;
    he is devoted to sports он увлекается спортом ~ увлекающийся (чем-л.) ;
    he is devoted to sports он увлекается спортом

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > devoted

  • 7 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
    "
    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
    "
    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
    "
    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
    "
    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
    "
    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    "
    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
    "
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    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
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    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
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    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 8 Grammar

       I think that the failure to offer a precise account of the notion "grammar" is not just a superficial defect in linguistic theory that can be remedied by adding one more definition. It seems to me that until this notion is clarified, no part of linguistic theory can achieve anything like a satisfactory development.... I have been discussing a grammar of a particular language here as analogous to a particular scientific theory, dealing with its subject matter (the set of sentences of this language) much as embryology or physics deals with its subject matter. (Chomsky, 1964, p. 213)
       Obviously, every speaker of a language has mastered and internalized a generative grammar that expresses his knowledge of his language. This is not to say that he is aware of the rules of grammar or even that he can become aware of them, or that his statements about his intuitive knowledge of his language are necessarily accurate. (Chomsky, 1965, p. 8)
       Much effort has been devoted to showing that the class of possible transformations can be substantially reduced without loss of descriptive power through the discovery of quite general conditions that all such rules and the representations they operate on and form must meet.... [The] transformational rules, at least for a substantial core grammar, can be reduced to the single rule, "Move alpha" (that is, "move any category anywhere"). (Mehler, Walker & Garrett, 1982, p. 21)
       4) The Relationship of Transformational Grammar to Semantics and to Human Performance
       he implications of assuming a semantic memory for what we might call "generative psycholinguistics" are: that dichotomous judgments of semantic well-formedness versus anomaly are not essential or inherent to language performance; that the transformational component of a grammar is the part most relevant to performance models; that a generative grammar's role should be viewed as restricted to language production, whereas sentence understanding should be treated as a problem of extracting a cognitive representation of a text's message; that until some theoretical notion of cognitive representation is incorporated into linguistic conceptions, they are unlikely to provide either powerful language-processing programs or psychologically relevant theories.
       Although these implications conflict with the way others have viewed the relationship of transformational grammars to semantics and to human performance, they do not eliminate the importance of such grammars to psychologists, an importance stressed in, and indeed largely created by, the work of Chomsky. It is precisely because of a growing interdependence between such linguistic theory and psychological performance models that their relationship needs to be clarified. (Quillian, 1968, p. 260)
       here are some terminological distinctions that are crucial to explain, or else confusions can easily arise. In the formal study of grammar, a language is defined as a set of sentences, possibly infinite, where each sentence is a string of symbols or words. One can think of each sentence as having several representations linked together: one for its sound pattern, one for its meaning, one for the string of words constituting it, possibly others for other data structures such as the "surface structure" and "deep structure" that are held to mediate the mapping between sound and meaning. Because no finite system can store an infinite number of sentences, and because humans in particular are clearly not pullstring dolls that emit sentences from a finite stored list, one must explain human language abilities by imputing to them a grammar, which in the technical sense is a finite rule system, or programme, or circuit design, capable of generating and recognizing the sentences of a particular language. This "mental grammar" or "psychogrammar" is the neural system that allows us to speak and understand the possible word sequences of our native tongue. A grammar for a specific language is obviously acquired by a human during childhood, but there must be neural circuitry that actually carries out the acquisition process in the child, and this circuitry may be called the language faculty or language acquisition device. An important part of the language faculty is universal grammar, an implementation of a set of principles or constraints that govern the possible form of any human grammar. (Pinker, 1996, p. 263)
       A grammar of language L is essentially a theory of L. Any scientific theory is based on a finite number of observations, and it seeks to relate the observed phenomena and to predict new phenomena by constructing general laws in terms of hypothetical constructs.... Similarly a grammar of English is based on a finite corpus of utterances (observations), and it will contain certain grammatical rules (laws) stated in terms of the particular phonemes, phrases, etc., of English (hypothetical constructs). These rules express structural relations among the sentences of the corpus and the infinite number of sentences generated by the grammar beyond the corpus (predictions). (Chomsky, 1957, p. 49)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Grammar

  • 9 close

    1. [kləuz] гл.
    1)

    Close the door tightly. — Закрой плотно дверь.

    Many flowers open in the morning and close at night. — Многие цветы утром распускаются, а вечером закрываются.

    I'm glad to see that the wound is closing (up) nicely. — Я очень рад, что рана так хорошо закрывается (затягивается).

    Syn:
    shut 3., secure 2.
    2) = close up затыкать, заделывать; забивать, заполнять

    The handyman closed the hole in the wall with plaster. — Рабочий заделал дыру в стене штукатуркой.

    We must close up the old well, it's dangerous. — Надо засыпать старый колодец, он небезопасен.

    Syn:
    stop 2., fill 1., stuff 2., clog 2., plug 2.
    3) запирать; заключать (куда-л. / во что-л.)

    The stableboy closed the horse in the stall. — Помощник конюха запер лошадь в конюшне.

    Syn:
    confine 2., enclose, pen II 2., blockade 2., block 2.
    4) ( close on) прищемить, придавить

    I closed the window on my finger and made it bleed. — Я прищемил палец оконной рамой, и из него пошла кровь.

    5)
    а) = close up кончать, заканчивать

    The pianist closed the concert with a Gershwin medley. — Пианист завершил концерт исполнением попурри из произведений Гершвина.

    The priest closed the meeting with a prayer. — Священник завершил собрание молитвой.

    б) прекращаться, заканчиваться

    Schools closed for the Christmas holiday. — Школы закрылись на рождественские каникулы.

    Syn:
    6) бирж. завершиться каким-л. курсом ( о торгах на бирже)
    7) принимать (деловое) предложение; заключать сделку; приходить к соглашению

    After hours of talking about the price, the shopkeeper at last closed with the salesman's offer. — После нескольких часов переговоров хозяин магазина согласился с ценой продавца.

    The two ministers didn't close with each other until near the end of the meeting. — Двое министров договорились только к концу заседания.

    8) соединять, объединять

    The surgeon closed the two edges of the incision with surgical thread. — Хирург соединил края разреза хирургической нитью.

    Syn:
    join 1., link I 2., connect, couple 2., unite I
    9) эл. замыкать ( цепь)
    Syn:
    fuse I 2.
    10) подходить близко; сближаться вплотную

    The soldiers closed ranks. — Солдаты сомкнули ряды.

    The men closed round him. — Люди столпились вокруг него.

    11) = close down (close about / on) приближаться, надвигаться; постепенно окружать

    Night closed on us among a labyrinth of hills and canyons. — Ночь настигла нас в лабиринте холмов и каньонов.

    As darkness closed about them, they decided to return home. — Когда стало темнеть, они решили вернуться домой.

    Darkness closed down on the city. — Над городом сгустилась тьма.

    12) войти в ближний бой, схватиться в рукопашной; войти в соприкосновение ( с противником)
    •
    - close in
    - close off
    - close out
    - close up
    ••
    - be closed with smb.
    - close the door on smth. 2. [kləus] прил.

    I've brought a close carriage for him. — Я достал ему закрытую коляску.

    Syn:
    2) лингв. закрытый ( гласный)
    3) закрытый (для доступа широкой публики, для охоты)
    4) замкнутый; ограниченный, узкий

    The space contained close alleys and open walks. — Там были и узкие аллеи, и открытые места для прогулок.

    Syn:

    Captain is in close arrest. — Капитан находится под строгим арестом.

    6) секретный, тайный; уединённый; скрытый от глаз

    to keep a thing close — держать что-л. в секрете

    to keep / lie close — прятаться

    Syn:
    7) душный, удушливый, спёртый

    The air in this room is very close. — В этой комнате очень спёртый воздух.

    Syn:
    8) скрытный, замкнутый; сдержанный, молчаливый

    He was too close to name his circumstances to me. — Он был слишком замкнутым человеком, чтобы рассказать мне о своём положении.

    Syn:
    9) скупой, скаредный

    He's as close with his money as Scrooge. — Он скупой, как Скрудж.

    Syn:

    Living in such close quarters makes privacy difficult. — Когда живёшь в такой тесноте, уединиться практически невозможно.

    11) плотный; сжатый, убористый ( о почерке)

    The fabric was of a close weave. — Ткань была плотная.

    Syn:
    12) близкий ( о времени и месте); близко расположенный

    close column — воен. сомкнутая колонна

    The house is close to the park. — Дом расположен рядом с парком.

    The migration of the ducks southward showed that winter was close. — Утки летели на юг, это означало, что зима уже близко.

    - get to close quarters
    Syn:
    13) кино крупный ( план)
    14) = close-fitting плотно облегающий; хорошо пригнанный ( об одежде)
    15) близкий, интимный; неразлучный

    The two brothers are very close. — Два брата очень близки.

    Syn:
    16) близкий, схожий; почти равный

    close contest — состязание равных соперников; упорная борьба ( особенно на выборах)

    The colour is close to what I want, but the style is wrong. — Цвет очень близок к тому, что я хочу, но фасон мне не нравится.

    The resemblance is very close and very strange. — Сходство очень сильное и очень странное.

    It was a close race. — Это были скачки с почти равными соперниками.

    Syn:
    17) внимательный; тщательный; подробный

    close reading — внимательное, медленное чтение

    close control — строгий надзор, тщательный контроль

    Keep a close watch on the children. — Внимательно следите за детьми.

    Syn:
    18) короткий; коротко постриженный

    A straight razor gives a close shave. — Прямая бритва бреет очень гладко.

    Syn:
    smooth 1., trim 2., neat I, short 1.
    3. [kləus] нареч.
    1) близко, около; рядом

    Come close so I can see you. — Подойди поближе, чтобы я мог тебя увидеть.

    We were close to when it happened. — Мы были рядом, когда это случилось.

    Syn:
    near 2., nearby 2., thereabout
    2) ( close on) почти, приблизительно

    There were close on a hundred people present. — Присутствовало почти сто человек.

    He is close on sixty. — Ему около шестидесяти.

    Syn:
    3) коротко (о стрижке волос, о подстриженной траве)
    4. [kləuz] сущ.
    1) завершение, заключение, конец, окончание

    The day had reached its close. — День подошёл к концу.

    The crowd began to leave before the close of the game. — Народ начал уходить до окончания игры.

    Syn:
    3) брит. огороженное поле ( в центральных районах Англии)
    5) двор; замкнутая территория вокруг здания
    6) преим. брит. территория, прилегающая к собору
    7) преим. брит. проход, ведущий с улицы во двор к лестнице многоквартирного дома
    Syn:
    9) муз. каденция; каданс
    10) уст. столкновение; борьба
    Syn:

    Англо-русский современный словарь > close

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